- dns-wg - mailman.ripe.net

RE: Forward: Re: Simple DNS Configuration Example
by mike.norris＠heanet.ie 14 Oct '99

14 Oct '99

> There's one minor nit. In the SOA dosument the daily versioning starts at "01" > whereas the "configuration example" starts at "00". I think the "01" was the > result of some discussion, but I do not have a strong preference for either > of both. However, the two documents should be consistent. I agree with the 01 start. That way, the "99 changes per day" will be correct. Here's another change I suggested to Liman earlier and should have copied to the list - sorry: Could I make just one suggestion; company.xy. NS ns2.isp.net. ; This is the hostname of a slave name server. ; You should have one, and you need to talk ; to your Internet provider to agree on the ; name to put here. They also need to ; set up their system accordingly. Maybe the second comment line should read "; You must have at least one, and you need..." (rfc1032 - "Domains must provide at least two independent servers..." Mike

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Simple DNS Configuration Example
by Lars-Johan Liman 24 Sep '99

24 Sep '99

As agreed in today's meeting, I hereby send out the current existing document (the one that has been around for ages) for a really, really, really, extra, very, double **FINAL** review. By October 15, I will ask Rudiger and RIPE NCC to publish this document as it stands, unless someone comments on the contents. Cheers, /Liman $Id: new-recommend.txt,v 1.9 1999/03/12 14:21:58 liman Exp $ SIMPLE DNS CONFIGURATION EXAMPLE This document is intended as a very short primer and example on how to set up your own server for the domain name system (DNS). Setting up the DNS server is not the only step you need to take to make your domain visible on the Internet. There can be several steps of registration procedures you have to go through. Your Internet service provider (ISP) should be able to help you with these. This text assumes that you are running the Unix operating system, and that you are using the Berkeley Internet Name Daemon (BIND) version 8 or version 4. If this is not the case, this document is of less value to you, but may still be worth reading. It also assumes that you have basic experience with Unix, moving around in the file tree, starting and stopping processes, and editing text files with some text editor. You are also expected to have administrator privileges on the machine, and you will find that most command will have to be given by the "root" user. You also need the following information: your domain name, your network number, who your ISP is, and the host names and IP addresses of your computers. This "step by step" instruction does not intend to explain what the various files and statements therein actually mean, but is a quick and dirty "do this, and it might work". If you are interested in a more thorough introduction to the subject, please see the following documents. RECOMMENDED READING "DNS & BIND 3rd Edition" by Paul Albitz & Cricket Liu, O'Reilly & Associates Inc. The DNS Resources Directory http://www.dns.net/dnsrd/ PREPARATION In the files below, the domain name company.xy is used. This is just an example, and should of course be replaced with your own domain name. We also assume that this "example company" has been assigned the IP network numbers 192.168.42.0 - 192.168.42.255 (often expressed as 192.168.42.0/24). Please pay attention to the notes in the example files, if your address assignment is not exactly 256 addresses (i.e., a /24, or previously referred to as a "class 'C' network"). There are a couple of steps you have to take before installing the configuration files. 1) Install a mail alias "hostmaster(a)company.xy" that receives mail and delivers it to the person that runs the DNS server at your site. This probably means YOU. Also be prepared to read and act on mail arriving to this address. ("company.xy" should of course be replaced with your own domain name.) 2) Make sure that your machine has the program "named" (name daemon) installed. Also find out which version of the program you are using. You only need to worry about the first digit in the version number. It should be either 4 or 8. "named" is part of the BIND package, and we STRONGLY encourage you to take the effort of installing the latest version of BIND you can lay your hands on. All programs have errors in them, and "named" is no exception. We tend to believe that more modern versions are less prone to this problem, especially on the security side. 3) Create the directory "/etc/domain" (using the command "mkdir /etc/domain") on your name server computer. All the examples below assume that the directory exists, and all files except one reside in that directory. The one exception is the file /etc/named.boot or /etc/named.conf. You only use one of them, and which one depends on which version of BIND you are using. Now you can install the files below in the location indicated by the "Filename:" comment that you find at the top of all the example files. Please remember to replace the strings as indicated. We have done the best we can to provide a simple and straight forward configuration, but all Internet sites are different, and it is not at all unlikely that your site will not fit exactly into our model. If you find that the configuration below doesn't work for you, you will either have to study the system further (see suggested reading list) or consult someone who is more experienced in running the system. If you do, don't be surprised if the models presented in literature and by consultants differ substantially from ours. DNS can be done in many ways - most of which are wrong, but there is a substantial number of ways that DO work, and they may seem quite different. Which one to choose is merely a question of taste or religious conviction. EXAMPLE FILES On the following pages we present a set of example files that can be used as a very basic configuration for a BIND DNS server. The name server process uses these files to tell the rest of the Internet about your machines. If you add a new machine, or if you change the IP address of a machine, you have to change the corresponding file. After having edited one or more files, you must restart the "named" process. Don't forget to update the serial number in every zone file you edit. You have to choose ONE of the first two example files. The first one is to be used if you have BIND version 8 installed. The second one is to be used if you have BIND version 4 installed. The third and following files are common to the two versions, and are all required on your system. When dealing with DNS files it is crucial that one is EXTREMELY careful when one types. If the example files have a period character (".") at one place, it is imperative that your files have that character in the corresponding place. Likewise, if the files do NOT have have a period character, neither should yours. The placement of special characters might seem random and unmotivated, but they are there to make your unforgiving computer shut up and not complain, and in the long run, that will make life easier for you. :-) The file "named.root" that resides in the /etc/domain directory is not included in the example files below. It is a standard file, but its content varies slowly over time. You should obtain a fresh copy, and you do so by pointing your favourite web browser to ftp://ftp.rs.internic.net/domain/named.root and save the file do disk in "text" format. Copy the file to its correct location (/etc/domain/named.root). The example files follow the authors section. AUTHORS This document is a collaborate effort with its root in the RIPE DNS working group. Suggestions have been brough forward by many. Thanks a lot! The following people have devoted some extra time to it: Amar Andersson Telia Network Services AA90-RIPE Hans Niklasson Tele2/SwipNet HN413-RIPE Ruediger Volk Deutsche Telekom RV32 Peter Koch Universitaet Bielefeld PK46-RIPE Niall O'Reilly University College Dublin NO8 Randy Bush Verio RB366 Kurt Kayser VIAG Interkom KK37-RIPE Nic Lewis LINX Lars-Johan Liman Royal Inst. of Technology LL10-RIPE // Filename: /etc/named.conf // This is an example of a name server configuration for BIND version 8. // If you change this file, you must restart the "named" process. //---------------------------------------------------------------------- // This is the directory where the rest of the files reside. options { directory "/etc/domain"; }; //---------------------------------------------------------------------- // The following three blocks are standard configuration // and should appear verbatim. zone "." { type hint; file "named.root"; // This file should be picked up from }; // ftp://ftp.rs.internic.net/domain/named.root zone "localhost" { type master; file "localhost"; }; zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" { type master; file "127.0.0"; }; //---------------------------------------------------------------------- // This is the part of the DNS database that will translate host and // domain names into IP addresses. Replace "company.xy" with your // own domain name. zone "company.xy" { // The file "company.xy" should reside in type master; // the /etc/domain/ directory, and you file "company.xy"; // have to create it yourself. }; //---------------------------------------------------------------------- // This is the part of the DNS database that will translate your IP // addresses back to domain names (so called reverse DNS information). // Replace "192.168.42" with your own network number. NOTE! The // network number appears backwards in the second clause (just before // ".in-addr.arpa"). zone "42.168.192.in-addr.arpa" { // The file "192.168.42" should reside in type master; // the /etc/domain/ directory, and you file "192.168.42"; // have to create it yourself. }; // IMPORTANT NOTE! // If your ISP has assigned fewer than 255 addresses to you, you must // contact the ISP for further assistance. //---------------------------------------------------------------------- // END OF FILE ; Filename: /etc/named.boot ; This is an example of a name server configuration for BIND version 4. ; If you change this file, you must restart the "named" process. ;---------------------------------------------------------------------- ; This is the directory where the rest of the files reside. directory /etc/domain ;---------------------------------------------------------------------- ; The following three blocks are standard configuration ; and should appear verbatim. cache . named.root ; This file should be picked up from ; ftp://ftp.rs.internic.net/domain/named.root primary localhost localhost primary 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa 127.0.0 ;---------------------------------------------------------------------- ; This is the part of the DNS database that will translate host and ; domain names into IP addresses. Replace "company.xy" with your ; own domain name. primary company.xy company.xy ; The file "company.xy" should reside in ; the /etc/domain/ directory, and you ; have to create it yourself. ;---------------------------------------------------------------------- ; This is the part of the DNS database that will translate your IP ; addresses back to domain names (so called reverse DNS information). ; Replace "192.168.42" with your own network number. NOTE! The ; network number appears backwards in the second clause (just before ; ".in-addr.arpa"). primary 42.168.192.in-addr.arpa 192.168.42 ; The file "192.168.42" should reside in ; the /etc/domain/ directory, and you ; have to create it yourself. ; IMPORTANT NOTE! ; If your ISP has assigned fewer than 255 addresses to you, you must ; contact the ISP for further assistance. ;---------------------------------------------------------------------- ; END OF FILE ; Filename: /etc/domain/localhost ; This is information about a special host named "localhost" that ; should appear in all name servers. Replace "dns.company.xy" with the ; hostname of your DNS server and "company.xy" with your domain name. ; Also replace the serial number indicated with a number made up of ; the year (4 digits), the month (two digits), the day of the month ; (two digits) and a version number (two digits). The date should ; correspond to the date when you edit the file. ; The serial number should be adjusted every time you edit the file, ; and must always be increased. If you make several changes the same ; day, increase the version part of the serial number, keeping the ; date. Start with version = 00 for a new day and increase the value ; by 1 for every change. This will allow for 99 changes the same day. ; The serial number was generated in the year 1998, month 09 ; (September), the 29th day of the month, and it was the first version ; (00) that day. ; If you change this file, you must restart the "named" process. localhost. SOA dns.company.xy. hostmaster.company.xy. ( 1998092900 ; Serial number 86400 ; Refresh 1 day 7200 ; Retry 2 hours 3600000 ; Expire 41.67 days 172800 ) ; Minimum TTL 2 days localhost. NS dns.company.xy. localhost. A 127.0.0.1 ;---------------------------------------------------------------------- ; END OF FILE ; Filename: /etc/domain/127.0.0 ; This is the information about the translation from the special IP ; address 127.0.0.1 back to the special hostname "localhost" (see ; /etc/domain/localhost) that should appear in all name ; servers. Replace "dns.company.xy" with the hostname of your DNS ; server and "company.xy" with your domain name. ; Also replace the serial number indicated with a number made up of ; the year (4 digits), the month (two digits), the day of the month ; (two digits) and a version number (two digits). The date should ; correspond to the date when you edit the file. ; The serial number should be adjusted every time you edit the file, ; and must always be increased. If you make several changes the same ; day, increase the version part of the serial number, keeping the ; date. Start with version = 00 for a new day and increase the value ; by 1 for every change. This will allow for 99 changes the same day. ; The serial number was generated in the year 1998, month 09 ; (September), the 29th day of the month, and it was the first version ; (00) that day. ; If you change this file, you must restart the "named" process. 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. SOA dns.company.xy. hostmaster.company.xy. ( 1998092900 ; Serial number 86400 ; Refresh 1 day 7200 ; Retry 2 hours 3600000 ; Expire 41.67 days 172800 ) ; Minimum TTL 2 days 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. NS dns.company.xy. 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. PTR localhost. ;---------------------------------------------------------------------- ; END OF FILE ; Filename: /etc/domain/company.xy (replace company.xy with your ; domain) ; This file contains the information regarding your domain. Generally ; replace "company.xy" with your domain name, and replace other ; records according to the comments in the file. ; Also replace the serial number indicated with a number made up of ; the year (4 digits), the month (two digits), the day of the month ; (two digits) and a version number (two digits). The date should ; correspond to the date when you edit the file. ; The serial number should be adjusted every time you edit the file, ; and must always be increased. If you make several changes the same ; day, increase the version part of the serial number, keeping the ; date. Start with version = 00 for a new day and increase the value ; by 1 for every change. This will allow for 99 changes the same day. ; The serial number was generated in the year 1998, month 09 ; (September), the 29th day of the month, and it was the first version ; (00) that day. ; If you change this file, you must restart the "named" process. company.xy. SOA dns.company.xy. hostmaster.company.xy. ( 1998092900 ; Serial number 86400 ; Refresh 1 day 7200 ; Retry 2 hours 3600000 ; Expire 41.67 days 172800 ) ; Minimum TTL 2 days company.xy. NS dns.company.xy. ; This is the hostname of your name server. ; It should have its address defined in an ; "A" record below. company.xy. NS ns2.isp.net. ; This is the hostname of a slave name server. ; You should have one, and you need to talk ; to your Internet provider to agree on the ; name to put here. They also need to ; set up their system accordingly. company.xy. MX 0 mailserver.company.xy. ; This is the hostname of your mail ; server. NOTE! You have to set up the ; mail system of your mail server to ; accept mail to your domain. The ; record here is not sufficient, but ; necessary. www.company.xy. A 192.168.42.33 ; This should be the IP address of ; your web server. ; The following is the list of computers at your site. To the left ; should go the hostnames of the hosts. They should all end with your ; domain name. To the left you should put their corresponding IP ; addresses. dns.company.xy. A 192.168.42.2 mailserver.company.xy. A 192.168.42.3 computer1.company.xy. A 192.168.42.12 server-nt.company.xy. A 192.168.42.17 www.company.xy. A 192.168.42.33 pc1.company.xy. A 192.168.42.51 pc2.company.xy. A 192.168.42.52 pc3.company.xy. A 192.168.42.53 macserver.company.xy. A 192.168.42.217 ;---------------------------------------------------------------------- ; END OF FILE ; Filename: /etc/domain/192.168.42 (replace 192.168.42 with your ; network number) ; This file contains the information regarding your domain. Generally ; replace "42.168.192" with your own network number TURNED BACKWARDS! ; and replace other records according to the comments in the file. ; Also replace the serial number indicated with a number made up of ; the year (4 digits), the month (two digits), the day of the month ; (two digits) and a version number (two digits). The date should ; correspond to the date when you edit the file. ; The serial number should be adjusted every time you edit the file, ; and must always be increased. If you make several changes the same ; day, increase the version part of the serial number, keeping the ; date. Start with version = 00 for a new day and increase the value ; by 1 for every change. This will allow for 99 changes the same day. ; The serial number was generated in the year 1998, month 09 ; (September), the 29th day of the month, and it was the first version ; (00) that day. ; If you change this file, you must restart the "named" process. 42.168.192.in-addr.arpa. SOA dns.company.xy. hostmaster.company.xy. ( 1998092900 ; Serial number 86400 ; Refresh 1 day 7200 ; Retry 2 hours 3600000 ; Expire 41.67 days 172800 ) ; Minimum TTL 2 days 42.168.192.in-addr.arpa. NS dns.company.xy. ; This is the hostname of your name server. 42.168.192.in-addr.arpa. NS ns2.isp.net. ; This is the hostname of a slave name server. ; You should have one, and you need to talk ; to your Internet provider to agree on the ; name to put here. They also need to ; set up their system accordingly. ; The following is the list of computers at your site. To the left ; should go the IP addresses (TURNED BACKWARDS!) of your hosts, ; immediately followed by the string ".in-addr.arpa." To the left you ; should put the corresponding hostnames. 2.42.168.192.in-addr.arpa. PTR dns.company.xy. 3.42.168.192.in-addr.arpa. PTR mailserver.company.xy. 12.42.168.192.in-addr.arpa. PTR computer1.company.xy. 17.42.168.192.in-addr.arpa. PTR server-nt.company.xy. 33.42.168.192.in-addr.arpa. PTR www.company.xy. 51.42.168.192.in-addr.arpa. PTR pc1.company.xy. 52.42.168.192.in-addr.arpa. PTR pc2.company.xy. 53.42.168.192.in-addr.arpa. PTR pc3.company.xy. 217.42.168.192.in-addr.arpa. PTR macserver.company.xy. ;---------------------------------------------------------------------- ; END OF FILE

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URL to material on DNSsec workshop
by Mats Dufberg 22 Sep '99

22 Sep '99

On the meetng today I promised to send the URL to material on DNSsec workshop in Sweden in Maj this year. It is <URL:http://www.nic-se.se/dnssec/>. You'll find interesting presentations by Edward Lewis, Network Associates/TIS. Mats ----------------------------------------------------------------- Mats Dufberg dufberg(a)nic-se.se NIC-SE +46-8-545 857 06 Box 5774 fax: +46-8-545 857 29 SE-114 87 Stockholm http://www.nic-se.se/

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RIPE DNS WG: SOA recommendations
by Peter Koch 17 Sep '99

17 Sep '99

Dear all, one action item still open from RIPE 32 is the preparation and publication of the "very short" document out of our series of three papers supporting DNS configuration. "Recommendations for DNS SOA Values" has been available since late June as an internet draft: http://www.TechFak.Uni-Bielefeld.DE/~pk/dns/draft-koch-dns-soa-values-01.tx… In the meantime I received some comments in private in favor of making this a RIPE document and some editorial hints. Please consider discussion of the draft and decision on publication as an agenda item for the Wednesday session in Amsterdam. -Peter

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question ....
by Gian Luca Mattu 01 Jul '99

01 Jul '99

Good Morning, I need your help about a problem on a dns server (BIND 4.9.7) Some days ago I have found the message below on console : BAD REFERRAL (IT !< ) I've looking for some informations about this problem on various discussion sites, but nothing ... Can somebody help me ? Thanks in advance. _____________________________________________________________________________ ,=======>-------. ,-------|------. | Centro Gestione | `------|--------' INTERBUSINESS Gian Luca Mattu `-------<======' __________________________/\_______________ Phone: +39-6-36879293 __________________________/\___ Fax: +39-6-36879182 __________________________/\___T E L E C O M mattu(a)cgi.interbusiness.it __________________________/\__________Italia_________________________________ CORDIALI SALUTI _____________________________________________________________________________ ,=======>-------. ,-------|------. | Centro Gestione | `------|--------' INTERBUSINESS Gian Luca Mattu `-------<======' __________________________/\_______________ Phone: +39-6-36879293 __________________________/\___ Fax: +39-6-36879182 __________________________/\___T E L E C O M mattu(a)cgi.interbusiness.it __________________________/\__________Italia_________________________________

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DNS SOA values recommendation document
by Peter Koch 25 Jun '99

25 Jun '99

Dear all, please expect an updated version of "Recommendations for DNS SOA Values", draft-koch-dns-soa-values-01.txt, to appear in the Internet-Drafts directories during the next week. (For the impatient: http://www.TechFak.Uni-Bielefeld.DE/~pk/dns/draft-koch-dns-soa-values-01.tx…) This is the "very short" document out of our series of three. It was discussed during the IETF meeting in Minneapolis, where concerns were raised regarding the relationship to earlier RFCs (1537 and 1912). This has been clarified and the target audience and design goals are layed out more precisely. The values have remained unchanged since the presentation in Amsterdam, although a note has been added that this set does not claim to be the optimal nor that such optimum exists. They are, however, a working solution for the target audience (less experienced DNS maintainer of small and stable zone). We should be able to cover 70%+ of the cases. Comments welcome. -Peter

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Workshop about DNSSEC
by IRIS-NIC 07 Jun '99

07 Jun '99

Hi all, somebody said something about a workshop in Sweden last Meeting in Vienna. This workshop is about DNSSEC. Is there anybody that knows something about this? I have not found any information about this. Thanks in advance and regards, Maribel. -- +---------------------------------------------------------------+ | RedIRIS NIC | | Centro de Comunicaciones CSIC RedIRIS | | Serrano 142 Tel: + 34 915855150 | | 28006 Madrid Fax: + 34 915855146 | | SPAIN Email: iris-nic(a)rediris.es | +---------------------------------------------------------------+

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DNSSEC issues list.
by Lars-Johan Liman 05 May '99

05 May '99

Just so that I don't lose it in my laptop again, here's the list of issues regarding DNSSEC that we produced during the (ongoing ;-) meeting in Vienna. Key generation Aministrative tasks in conjunction with delegation subdomain --> delegating domain delegating domain --> subdomain authentication Software performance implementations UDP --> TCP Zone signing by other than domain name owner Key roll-over Debugging Tools for maintenance Training and education Best regards, /Liman #------------------------------------------------------------------------- # What the DNS really needs, is CLUE records ... ;-) #------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Lars-Johan Liman ! Internet: liman(a)sunet.se # Ebone/NORDUnet/SUNET Operations Centre ! HTTP : //www.sunet.se/~liman # Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden ! Voice : Int +46 8 - 790 65 60 #-------------------------------------------------------------------------

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test, please ignore
by Michael Hallgren 10 Mar '99

10 Mar '99

test -- Michael Hallgren, Graphnet Systems, http://mh.graphnet.fr

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RIPE 32: SOA recommendations posted as Internet-Draft
by Peter Koch 05 Mar '99

05 Mar '99

One action item from the DNS WG meeting at RIPE32 was drafting a "very short" document recommending certain DNS SOA values for small and stable zones. A first version is now available as an Internet-Draft from the usual places, including <ftp://ftp.ripe.net:/internet-drafts/>. The filename is "draft-koch-dns-soa-values-00.txt". The timer values are identical to those presented in Amsterdam. The document is not primarily intended for end user consumption, but as a guideline and reference for ISPs and others, so the explanation/justification section is rather rough now. -Peter

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